B-+nanoparticles+-+health+&+safety

// __Question__ //: What precautions are taken to protect the health & safety of people working with nanoparticles? Nanoparticles are particles that have measurements between 1-100 nm. [|Nanotechnology] is applied in various industries, where they are used as fuel additives, in manufacture of stain-resistant fabrics, strengthening additions to sports equipment, as semiconductors, and in household and other chemicals. Nanomaterials are also present in some sunscreens, cosmetics, toothpastes (Hydroxyapatite such as Ca5(PO4)3OH - to protect tooth), sanitary ware coatings and even food products (manipulate molecular forms to increase capability and reduce the cost). Human skin, intestinal tract and lungs are always in direct contact with the environment. The ultra-small size allows the particles to enter human body via lungs and intestine, some via skin, carried deeply into tissues. The chance depends on the size and surface properties of the particles, and also the point of contact. The effect of nanoparticles on human body may vary depending on the components. In 2007, the American Association for Cancer Research suggested that nanoparticles could cause cancer They could also cause respiratory problems. Fibres, defined as solid materials with a length to diameter ratio of at least 3:1, can penetrate into the lungs and block the airways. (Sawdust - carpenters; dust, smoke from vehicles) Carbon black nanoparticles (in burning charcoal)have been implicated in interfering with cell signalling. Studies in humans show that breathing in diesel soot causes a general inflammatory response and alters the system that regulates the involuntary functions in the cardiovascular system, such as control of heart rate. ZnO and TiO2 is used in many sunscreens and personal care products to help block ultraviolet light which can cause cancer. However, ironically they were proved to also be a cause of skin cancer. TiO2 and ZnO "can induce free radical formation in the presence of light" (//Cathy G., Michael B., // 2006) which can damage skin cells. In addition, nanoparticles can also damage soil bacteria which clean up pollutants. Hazards/Risks · Working with nanoparticles in liquid media without adequate protection (e.g., gloves, safety glasses) will increase the risk of skin or eye exposure. · Working with nanoparticles in liquid media during pouring or mixing operations, or where a high degree of agitation is involved, will lead to an increased likelihood of inhalation of respirable droplets which may be formed. · Generating nanoparticles in the gas phase in non-enclosed systems will increase the chances of aerosol release to the workplace. · Handling nano-structured powders will lead to the possibility of aerosolization. · Inhalation exposures can occur when processing materials are removed from the reactors. Safety Information: 1. Protection such as gloves, safety glasses or goggles, apron or lab coat must be worn properly when working with nanoparticles. 2. Gloves are to be worn at all times where there is potential for nanoparticles exposure. 3. Synthesis in enclosed reactors or glove boxes* will prevent airborne exposures. 4. Arm sleeves are recommended to avoid exposure and contact to chemicals. 5. The activities should be carried out in a closed system with controlled conditions, filters such as a lab to prevent aerosolization. 6. Respirators may be required for activities cannot be controlled by ventilation. 7. The area should be cleaned (with dampened and absorbent materials) before and after the work activity. 8. Hands should be washed after removing the gloves. 9. Never dispose of nanoparticle waste in regular trash or down the drain. 10. Dry particles should be transported/disposed in closed/sealed containers. 11. Nanoparticle waste should be labeled properly as containing nanomaterial, and will be disposed based on a specific type of the material. 12. All handling of nanomaterials should be slow and careful to prevent aerosolization. 13. No eating, drinking, smoking, making up,... before hands are washed. Reference Cathy G., Michael B. (2006). Nanoparticals and sunscreen safety. // Nanowerk //. Retrieved from http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=714.php Matthew C.  (  2009). Nanoparticles in Sunscreen Damage Microbes. // Scientific American**. ** //**Retrieved from ** http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nanoparticles-in-sunscreen  **Peter H. **, **Irene B.H. ** and **Oleg V.S. ** (2004). Nanoparticles - known and unknown health risks. // BioMed Central //// Ltd. // Retrieved from http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/2/1/12 (n.a). (2008). Nanoparticles Guidelines. The Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma. Retrieved from  http://www.ouhsc.edu/ibc/documents/NanoparticleGuidelines.doc (n.d.). Working Safely with Nanomaterials. // UOS //. Retrieved from http://www.uos.harvard.edu/ehs/ih/nanotech_control.shtml Picture (n.a). (2003). Fabrication and characterization of metal nanoparticles. // KAIST //. Retrieved from http://composite.kaist.ac.kr/cgi-bin/reseng2.pl?metalnano Videos Nanoparticles and Cancer media type="youtube" key="jUh1gHG2jns?fs=1" height="385" width="480" Nanoparticles in the Environment media type="youtube" key="dEv3hmrsQD0?fs=1" height="385" width="480"